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HEAT FOR TOMORROW
Many materials used in our industrial world require energy
from mining to manufacturing for processing and transportation. The energy for some of these products is in
the form of high temperatures. 1100°C - 2000°F
There are proposals that
solar and wind energy collecting devices can provide the energy to maintain the
industrial world. To look at this
possibility, solar electric panels, wind turbines and concentrated solar
installations in the form of parabolic trough collectors (PTC) have been
assessed.
The energy requirements in
2010 for the following essential components of our industrial world are
provided: steel, aluminum, chromium, copper, manganese, cement and glass. This energy would be mining, processing and
transporting to name some. Other
important components of the industrialized world such as nickel and cobalt are
not considered because they are part of the high temperature processing of
other ore metals.
The kWh output and area
required for installations of solar electric panels, wind turbines and PTC has
been researched. This then is divided
into the energy (exajoules converted to kWh) required for global production of
each material in 2010.
ExaJoules = 1000000000000000000
1.0E-18 exajoule = 2.7777777777778E-7
kilowatt hours = .00000028 kilowatt hours.
Sources:
Smil, Vaclav. 2014.
Smil, Vaclav. 2014. Making the Modern World:
Materials and Dematerialization.
“Net energy analysis for concentrated solar power plants in
northern Chile”
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Solar Electric Panels []
Using the Topaz Solar installation as
the example,
To provide the energy in electrical
units for these
Seven essential materials would require
121,214.45 square miles of solar
electric collectors
And 114,834,742,506 panels.
Three installations are used as examples
Shepard’s Flat Wind Farm
Alta Wind Energy Center
London Offshore Array
To provide the energy in electricity
for the named seven essential materials
would require:
Shepard’s Flat Wind Farm
257,472 square miles and 2,807,276 wind
turbines
Alta Wind Energy Center
30,985 square miles and 3,718,200 wind
turbines
London Offshore Array
312,315 square miles and 797,400 wind
turbines
))
PARABOLIC TROUGH COLLECTORS ((
PTC
Two installations are used as examples
To provide the energy in electricity for
the seven named essential materials
would require:
Andasol Solar Power Station
77,183.4 square miles of PTCs
Solana Generating Station
52,791 square miles of PTCs
ON
TO THE EXAMPLES
Solar Electric Panels:
Topaz Solar Farm (550-megawatt photovoltaic power station in San Luis Obispo, CA)
9 million solar panels
550 MW Capacity
9.5 square miles
Annual output, 1,301 GWh (125 MW avg. power).
Website topazsolar.com
1,301 GWh = 1301000000 kWh
1.66111E+13kWh (total from
chart)
divided by 1301000000
kWh
Equals 12759.42
Area needed
12759.42 times 9.5 square miles
121214.45 Square Miles of
Solar Electric Collectors
Panels needed
9,000,000 times 12759.42
114,834,742,506 Panels
The sun shines during the
day, not every day.
So of course the energy
would need to be stored
Most high temperature kilns
run 24/7,
365 days/year for up to 18
years.
The
output of a wind turbine depends on the turbine's size and the wind's speed
through the rotor. An average onshore wind turbine with a capacity of 2.5–3 MW can produce more than 6 million kWh in a
year – enough to supply 1,500 average EU households with electricity.
www.ewea.org/wind-energy-basics/faq/
The
original "Alta-Oak Creek Mojave Project" plan consisted of up to 320 wind turbines occupying a 9,000-acre (36 km2) area while producing 800 MW
(1,100,000 hp) of power.
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Every wind turbine
has a range of wind speeds, typically around 30 to 55 mph, in which it will
produce at its rated, or maximum, capacity. At slower wind speeds, the
production falls off dramatically. If the wind speed decreases by half, power
production decreases by a factor of eight. On average, therefore, wind turbines
do not generate near their capacity. Industry estimates project an annual
output of 30-40%, but real-world experience shows that annual outputs of 15-30%
of capacity are more typical.
With a 25%
capacity factor, a 1.5-MW turbine would produce
1.5 MW × 365 days
× 24 hours × 25% = 3,285 MWh = 3,285,000 kWh
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How much land is needed for a wind turbine?
In an array that can take advantage of the wind from any
direction, the GE needs 82 acres and
the Vestas V90 111 acres per
tower. In practice, the area varies, averaging about 50 acres per
megawatt of capacity. On mountain ridges, the turbines are generally squeezed
in at about 10 MW per mile.
Shepherds Flat wind farm is being developed in Oregon, US.
The 845MW project will be the largest wind farm in the world. . .
. Annual output of the Shepherds
Flat wind farm will be 1,797GWh.
The project includes 338 wind
turbines, with a 2.5MW capacity each
Shepherds Flat will cover an
area of 80 square kilometres (31 square
miles)
SHEPARD'S FLAT WIND FARM
1.66111E+13kWh (from chart)
divided by
2000000000.kWh
Equals
8305.55 more to provide for
energy required
Area Needed
80 square kilometres = 30.8882 square
miles
8305.55 times 31 square miles
257472 square miles of wind
turbines
Turbines needed
338 times 8305.55
ALTA WIND FARM
1.66111E+13kWh (from chart)
divided by
2680600000kWh
Equals
6197 more to provide for
energy required
Area Needed
3200 acres = 30.8882 square miles
6197 times 5 square miles
30985 square miles of wind
turbines
Turbines needed
600 times 6197
LONDON ARRAY OFFSHORE
.66111E+13kWh (from chart)
divided by
2500000000kWh Equals
6645 more to provide for
energy required
Area Needed
122 square kilometers = 47 square miles
6645 times 47 square miles
312315 square miles of wind
turbines
Turbines needed
120 times 6645
797400 Wind Turbines
The wind does not blow constantly nor
consistently.
So of course the energy would need to be stored
Most high temperature kilns operate
24/7, 365 days a year for up to 18 years.
________________________________________
PARABOLIC TROUGH COLLECTORS
PTC
ANDASOL SOLAR POWER STATION
2.3
square miles (1483 acres)
Annual
output 495 GWh
.66111E+13kWh (from chart)
divided by
495000000kWh Equals
33558 more to provide for
energy required
Area Needed
33558 times 2.3 square miles
77183.4 square miles of PTCs
SOLANA GENERATING STATION
en/386613/5/Solana_arial_photo_%2810-09-13%29.jpg
Covers
an area of 1,920 acres
.66111E+13kWh (from chart)
divided by
944000000kWh Equals
17597 more to provide for
energy required
Area Needed
17597 times 3 square miles
52791 square miles of PTCs
The sun shines during the day, not every day.
So of course the energy would need to be stored
Most high temperature kilns operate 24/7,
365 days a year for up to 18 years.
http://www.jewelryartistsnetwork.com/index/metals-melting-temperatures/
There are many other critical
components of our global industrialized world that require industrial heat (lead,
silver, tin, food processing) that are right at the top heating limit of solar
devices. They must also be included in
an all “renewable” future. If only half of important materials were provided,
what would our world be like?
IN AN INDUSTRIALIZED SOCIETY, IT FALLS TO
THE PROMOTERS OF A FUTURE FOR “RENEWABLE”
ENERGY TO
SHOW HOW THESE
ESSENTIAL
MATERIALS
AND SO MUCH ELSE CAN BE PROVIDED.
