Many products are derived
from hemp as shown in the image below.
Hemp offers opportunities to uncouple some of our needs for fossil
fuels. In “Hemp I” we looked at the
cultivation, machinery and equipment needed for growing and using hemp.
Here we look at some of the
products and a host of videos, showing the machinery, equipment and
buildings. Enjoy.
Probably indigenous to temperate Asia,
C. sativa is the most widely cited example of a “camp follower.” It was pre-adapted to thrive in the manured
soils around man’s early settlements, which quickly led to its domestication
(Schultes 1970). Hemp was harvested by the Chinese 8500 years ago (Schultes and
Hofmann
1980). For most of its history, C.
sativa was most valued as a fiber source, considerably less so as an
intoxicant, and only to a limited extent as an oilseed crop. Hemp is one of the
oldest sources of textile fiber, with extant remains of hempen cloth trailing
back 6 millennia.
Hemp Fiber
The fiber is one of the most valuable parts of the hemp plant.
It is commonly called bast, which refers to the fibers which grow on the
outside of the plant’s stalk. Bast fibers give the plants strength. Hemp fibers
can be between approximately 0.91 m (3 ft) and 4.6 m (15 ft) long, running the
length of the plant. Later the fibers may be cut to shorter lengths. Depending
on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem, the hemp may
naturally be creamy white, brown, gray, black or green. In Europe and
China, hemp fibers have been used in prototype quantities to strengthen
concrete, and in other composite materials for many construction and
manufacturing applications. A mixture of fiberglass, hemp fiber, kenaf, and
flax has been used to make composite panels for automobiles. The first
identified coarse paper, made from hemp, dates to the early Western Han
Dynasty. Hemp shives or hurds are the core of the stem. In Europe, they
are used for bedding (horse bedding for instance), or for horticultural mulch.
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Hemp Plastics & Biocomposites
Henry Ford used hemp-and-sisal cellulose plastic to build car
doors and fenders in 1941. On video Henry Ford demonstrated that his hemp cars
were more resistant to blows from a sledgehammer than steel-bodied cars were.
The basic building block of plastics is cellulose taken from
petroleum, but toxic petrochemical compositions are not the only way to derive
plastics.
Plastics can be derived from plant cellulose, and since hemp is
the greatest cellulose producer on Earth (hemp hurds can be 85% cellulose), it
only makes sense to make non-toxic, biodegradable plastic from hemp and other
organics, instead of letting our dumps fill up with refuse.
A recent technological advance with biodegradable plastics made
from cornstarch has led to a new material based on hemp. Hemp Plastics
(Australia) have sourced partners who have been able to produce a new 100%
biodegradable material made entirely from hemp and corn. This new material has
unique strength and technical qualities which have yet to be seen before, and
this new material can be injected or blow-molded into virtually any shape using
existing moulds, including cosmetic containers, Frisbee golf discs, etc.
Hemp hurds may be processed into cellophane packing material,
which was common until the 1930s, or they may be manufactured into a low-cost,
compostable replacement for Styrofoam.
Zellform (Austrian) has created a hemp-plastic resin called
Hempstone, for use in musical instruments, loudspeakers, and furniture. This
material can be carved into any desired form.
Hemp can also be made into compressed door panel and dashboards.
Carmakers such as Ford, GM, Chrysler, Saturn, BMW, Honda, and Mercedes are
currently using hemp composite door panels, trunks, head liners, etc.
These composites are less expensive than dangerous fiberglass
counterparts. Hemp fiberglass replacements would only cost 50 to 70 cents a
pound. These hemp composites could replace carbon and glass fibers, which have
environmental and weight problems, and run from 60 cents to 5 dollars a pound.
The reason why virtually all European car makers are switching
to hemp based door panels, columns, seat backs, boot linings, floor consoles,
instrument panels, and other external componets is because the organic hemp
based products are lighter, safer in accidents, recycleable, and more durable.
The possibilities are endless with hemp plastics and resins, and
Biocomposites. Virtually any shape and purpose can be fufilled by biocomposite
plastics. Just think of the possibilities and realize that biodegradable
non-toxic products are always the wisest choice for the future.
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Hemp fuel
Hemp fuels- Environmentally friendly fuel sources
The basics: Hemp can provide two types of fuel.
1. Hemp biodiesel – made from the oil of
the (pressed) hemp seed.
2. Hemp ethanol/methanol – made
from the fermented stalk.
To clarify further, ethanol is made from such things as grains,
sugars, starches, waste paper and forest products, and methanol is made
from woody/pulp matter. Using processes such as gasification, acid hydrolysis
and enzymes, hemp can be used to make both ethanol and methanol.
In this day of oil wars, peak oil (and the accompanying soaring
prices), climate change and oil spills such as the one in the gulf by
BP, it’s more important than ever to promote sustainable alternatives such as
hemp ethanol. Hemp turns out to be the most cost-efficient and valuable
of all the fuel crops we could grow on a scale that could fuel the world.
And as it turns out, the whole reason for hemp prohibition – and
alcohol prohibition – may have been a fuel the realization that OIL production
is threatened by any competing fuel source, especially one that requires
no modifications to your car!
What is Hemp Biodiesel?
Hemp biodiesel is the name for a variety of ester based
oxygenated fuels made from hemp oil. The concept of using vegetable oil
as an engine fuel dates back to 1895 when Dr. Rudolf Diesel developed the first
diesel engine to run on vegetable oil. Diesel demonstrated his engine at the
World Exhibition in Paris in 1900 using peanut oil as fuel. Hemp
biodiesel comes from the pressing of the hemp seeds to extract the
oil. Through a process explained here , hemp
biodiesel can be made.
Hemp biodiesel can be made from domestically produced, renewable
oilseed crops such as hemp. With over 30 million successful U.S. road miles
hemp biodiesel could be the answer to our cry for renewable fuel
sources. Learning more about renewable fuels does not mean we should
not cut back on consumption but does help address the environmental affects of
our choices. There is more to hemp as a renewable fuel source than
you know
Why Hemp Biodiesel?
Biodiesel
is the only alternative fuel that runs in any conventional, unmodified diesel
engine.
It can be
stored anywhere that petroleum diesel fuel is stored. Biodiesel is safe to
handle and transport because it is as biodegradable as sugar, 10 times less
toxic than table salt, and has a high flashpoint of about 300 F compared to
petroleum diesel fuel, which has a flash point of 125 F.
Biodiesel
can be made from domestically produced, renewable oilseed crops such as hemp.
Biodiesel
is a proven fuel with over 30 million successful US road miles, and over 20
years of use in Europe.
When
burned in a diesel engine, biodiesel replaces the exhaust odor of petroleum
diesel with the pleasant smell of hemp, popcorn or french fries.
Biodiesel
is the only alternative fuel in the US to complete EPA Tier I Health Effects
Testing under section 211(b) of the Clean Air Act, which provide the most thorough
inventory of environmental and human health effects attributes that current
technology will allow.
Biodiesel
is 11% oxygen by weight and contains no sulfur.
The use
of biodiesel can extend the life of diesel engines because it is more
lubricating than petroleum diesel fuel, while fuel consumption, auto ignition,
power output, and engine torque are relatively unaffected by biodiesel.
The
Congressional Budget Office, Department of Defense, US Department of
Agriculture, and others have determined that biodiesel is the low cost
alternative fuel option for fleets to meet requirements of the Energy Policy
Act.
How to Make hemp Bio Diesel
Titration method
Safety first: Wear protective clothing and eyewear.
This is a serious activity and it not recomended for a “weekend project”.
This process is only for reference as to what skilled biodiesel makers would
do.
Measure Free Fatty Acid
content of your oil: Mix 1 ml oil with 10 ml Isopropyl alcohol = 2 drops
phenolthalian solution (available in a hobby shop chemistry set suppliers).
Drop-wise add 0.1% lye solution ( 1 gm lye in one liter water ) until the
solution stays pink for 10 seconds. (20 drops = 1 ml) Record the milliliters of
0.1% lye solution used.
Methanol You will need 200 ml of methanol
per liter of Hemp Seed oil. Methanol may be purchased as Drigas available at
most automotive stores, read the label for methanol. Also Methanol is available
from racing stores. Avoid hardware store methanol (wood alcohol) as it might
contain excessive water content.
Sodium Methoxide For each
liter of hemp seed oil you need one gram of granular solid lye for each ml of
0.1% lye solution used in titration of free fatty acids plus 3.5 grams.
Completely dissolve the proper amount of Lye in the methanol (Red Devil Lye can
be purchased from the Grocery Store). This combined mixture makes sodium
methoxide.
Mixer The type of mixer depends on the
size of the batch. An electric drill and paint mixer on an extended shaft
works well in a 5 gallon bucket.
Transesterfication: Once the
lye catalyst is dissolved completely so that there is no sediment, then the oil
may be added to the methanol lye mixture while mixing continuously. At first the
mixture becomes thicker, then thinner as the reaction proceeds. Collect samples
every 5 minutes with an eye dropper into a test tube or clear container. The
Mixture will separate into a light top layer of bio diesel and a darker bottom
layer of glycerin, soap and catalyst. Continued mixing 30 – 60 minutes until
the yield remains constant. Then stop mixing. Go have lunch. When you come back
it will have settled into two distinct layers. You have done it! Let the
mixture settle for at least 8 hours. Pour off and save the bio diesel top layer
into another container. A clear funnel bottomed container is helpful.
Rinsing: The raw Bio Diesel that you
have just produced may have some catalyst, alcohol, and glycerin remaining
which could cause engine problems, so for long term engine reliability this raw
fuel should be rinsed with water. Gently at first then more vigorously rinse
with water until the rinse water is clear and the pH of the rinse water is the
same pH as the supply water. Settle, Decant.
Drying: Water in the bio Diesel makes
cloudy so it must be carefully heated. At 100 C most of the water coalesces and
falls to the bottom. This water must be completely removed from the bottom of
the container before heating to higher temperature.
FAILURE TO REMOVE THIS WATER BEFORE FURTHER HEATING
CAN CAUSE VIOLENT ERUPTION OF HOT LIQUID!
Once all water has been removed then heat the bio
diesel to 300 f (150 c) to complete dryness. Cool, filter, and store bio diesel
in a well marked dry closed container. 100% HEMP DIESEL FUEL (HEMP OIL METHYL
ESTER – HOME FUEL)
This fuel may be mixed in any
ratio with petroleum diesel. Dynamometer tests indicate full power output with
up to 75% reduction in soot and particles. No engine modification is needed to
burn bio diesel fuel.
hemp/hemp-fuel/making-hemp-biodiesel/
Research into food and other uses of hemp is quite easy. I will leave that to you the reader. Below find some of the
videos I have collected on hemp.
As with my other works, look at the processes, the equipment,
the buildings, the machinery and consider the energy required to accomplish the
various tasks. If there is a future for
hemp, these are what will determine it.
Small processing, small machines, very good.
Processing Hemp from
the field to textile fibre
https://youtu.be/4cWp7qSJXTA
5.59 minutes
excellent
Forgive the music.
Turn it off
Welcome to the Hemp
Farm
https://youtu.be/EKXeegnVaF0
6:23 minutes
Again look at the equipment.
Cutting Fiberhemp.
https://youtu.be/Co3LBptFy-A
4:53 minutes
Industrial Hemp Processing
IHP
5.29 Minutes
Processing hempfibers for later use
within textiles. Depending on the fibers’ quality you have to use different
techniques. Here we see the many steps it has to take to make it "silky
smooth". The infrastructure used here is based on the same for flax making
linen. It’s an intricate process from implementing, growing to handling the
yield. If you don´t have the technique or the "economic
infrastructure" to handle the raw material and a market to replace or
combine the output youll end up, in best case, with a nice hobby and a smile on
your face.
Hemp fiber processing
7:21
SERIOUS EQUIPMENT
HERE
Harvesting fiber hemp | Claas
Xerion 4000 |
Vezelhennep oogst | DunAgro
https://youtu.be/GJKnz9hlB3Q
6:26
Hemp Processing
Update
https://youtu.be/9qFNf-iFW3A
3:51
the process is very similar to the one noted above.
How We Make Biodiesel
4:40
This
is how the University of Idaho Biodiesel Education Program makes smaller
batches of biodiesel. Our farm scale production facility can make up to 500
gallons of biodiesel at a time in our large reactors, but here we show you how
we make a 5 gallon batch.
The History
and Future of the Industrial Hemp Industry
http://www.herbmuseum.ca/content/history-and-future-industrial-hemp-industry
Image: The
Shely Fiber Breaker-Scientific American, Vol. LXVL-No. 26, New York, June 25,
1892. Designed to break six to eight thousand pounds of hemp or similar fibre a
day. takes up to nine people to assist with processing. As printing in The
Invisible Hemp Industry? by John E. Dvorak, as published in The Journal of
Industrial Hemp on September 25, 2008.
A look back provides some perspective as to the
role that hemp has played along with some insight as to how it will play out.
In the 1600-1700s, hemp fiber was vital to several industries. Hempen sails,
rigging and caulking allowed the exploration of new worlds to take place. Hemp
linen was worn by many and clothing scraps were a primary ingredient for the
paper which helped foment the intellectual advances of the day. The
manufacturing of these articles also provided jobs for many in Colonial
America. The ropewalks noted on Captain Bonner’s 1722 map of Boston (Figure 1)
are graphic evidence of hemp’s impact on society and the economy. Hemp seed was
also historically used for human consumption and as animal feed. The vast
majority of hemp used in America was cultivated and processed abroad, because
of the supply of inexpensive Russian hemp. Efforts to increase cultivation in
America were generally unsuccessful.
Technological advances such as the steam engine,
cotton gin, and wood paper processing significantly reduced the market for
hemp. Unfortunately, it does not appear that similar progress occurred when it
came to the harvesting and processing of hemp. The ungainly Shely Fiber
Breaker, illustrated in Scientific American in 1892 (Figure 2) required up to
nine people to assist with processing. And, as late as 1916, hand brakes were
still the primary method of removing hurds from hemp fiber in Kentucky. During the
height of hemp cultivation in America in the 1850s, over 70,000 tons of hemp
was produced. These amounts declined significantly towards the end of the
century. For the 25 year period from 1892 through 1916, just over 5,000 tons of
hemp was produced each year with an additional 5,000 tons imported. Over the
same time period, an average of 2.6 million tons of cotton was produced each
year. Hemp used in America was therefore less than one half of one percent of
the cotton produced. Even imports of non-cotton plant fibers including jute,
manilla and sisal dwarfed hemp as more than 250,000 tons was brought into
America each year. These figures provide stark testimony to the relative
insignificance of the hemp industry.
One of the biggest markets for hemp in the 1800s
was for covering the bales of cotton for shipment. Bales containing several
hundred pounds of cotton were held together with fifteen pounds of hemp fiber.
The fact that hemp was used as cotton bagging highlights the minor impact that
it had on America’s economy. Despite this, hemp was frequently shown alongside
cotton as a source of fiber as evidenced by the 1877 print by William Rhind
(Figure 3). In the 1931 Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA), the primary purposes of hemp listed by long time researcher Lyster H.
Dewey included twine, string, cord, yarn and binding. This limited range of
products illustrates the one-dimensional nature of hemp. The much-touted 1938
Popular Mechanics article titled the “New Billion Dollar Crop” noted that
25,000 products could be made from hemp, “ranging from dynamite to cellophane.”
However, the article focused on products derived from hemp stalk and not hemp
seed, which is currently proving to be the source of many of the most popular
and profitable hemp products. Today, hemp’s relevance in many ways runs
parallel to its past. String and twine are still one of the most common hemp
products in the marketplace. And, at the global level, the percentage of hemp
grown compared to cotton remains miniscule. In 1998, worldwide cotton
production was almost 20 million tons a year, while global hemp fiber and seed
production totaled about 100,000 tons, or one-half of one percent. Fortunately,
the modern uses of hemp are much more diverse than those of yesteryear, opening
unforeseen avenues into the marketplace.
...Advances in the processing of hemp fiber are
silently increasing the types and qualities of hemp fabrics that are weaving
their way into the marketplace. Several top name clothing companies including
J. Jill, Patagonia, Armani and Robert Redford’s Sundance Catalog regularly
include hemp fabrics in their clothing line. While descriptions of these
products usually tout hemp’s durability and eco-friendly characteristics, they
do not flagrantly overemphasize this. However, the use of hemp by mainstream
companies not only significantly increases its overall demand; it reinforces
the positive image of hemp and further ingrains it into the public's
consciousness.
Tree free paper is writing its own history as
continued deforestation takes its toll on the availability of wood based pulp.
With the increase in the price of wood pulp, tree free sources such as hemp
become more feasible. More and more companies are using recycled and tree free
paper as a way of being more environmentally responsible.Requesting tree free
hemp paper products at your company and from your local merchants will help
increase awareness as well as the prospect that they will seek out hemp based
paper products.
Another unconventional area that is making
progress has to do with the use of hemp to make plastics, fiberglass and
building materials. France’s historic uses of hemp as a building material
includes the creation of an adobe-like material created from hemp hurds, lime
and water. More recent advances include the development of biodegradable
hemp
plastics and a lightweight, fireproof material that can be used as a
substitute
for fiberglass. Applications using these products are becoming
more common as
companies seek “green” methods of production. The automotive industry’s use of
hemp and other natural fibers is proving to be a substantial boon for hemp
farmers and processors alike. Additionally, the ability to make several types
of fuel out of hemp will one day power it to the forefront of yet another
industry.
So, although it may feel that progress is being
made slowly, keep in mind that we are in this for the long haul and that you
can’t build several hemp related industries overnight. It will take several
more years to firmly establish hemp as a leader in the food, paper, textile,
building material and energy industries. Research is being performed in every
area, from cultivation to harvesting, processing, manufacturing and
distribution. An inexorable force has been created that will continue to move
forward, challenging the status quo and providing examples of hemp’s myriad
uses. The scale of hemp’s current predicament augurs well for the future. It
not only shows how much progress has been made, but it also shows the
incredible potential that hemp holds for the future. Like its potent seed,
chock-full of fiber and natural goodness, the hemp industry stands poised to
explode past the seedling stage into a towering, sturdy juggernaut that reaches
towards the sun with relentless determination. As we reach toward the future,
keep in mind our humble beginnings and our humongous plans. So what do I really
think about hemp’s future? Invariably, I imagine it “invisibly” insinuating
(i.e., intimately intertwining) itself into industry’s infrastructure.
- pp. 60- 66, The Invisible Hemp Industry?
by John E. Dvorak, as published in The Journal of
Industrial Hemp on September 25, 2008.
BIBLIOGRAPHY and ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Hemp processing plant
planned for Lethbridge
2:56
First Large-Scale
Hemp Processing Plant In Colorado
https://youtu.be/88XhoNsbXbI
2:05
Industrial Hemp
production basics for Ontario
https://youtu.be/mUs--6DAlaA
5.12 minutes
Hemp
Farming
10 minutes
An
integrated agro-industrial model for biofuel produc
https://youtu.be/WnKjxF2HaJo?list=PL57E0DA114609C286
10.42 minutes
Hemp processing in
Ukraine
1:19
How
Linen Is Made
4:22
Making
Linen from Flax (pioneerAmish)
5:08
How It's Made Fabrics
4.30 minutes
Nice couple of posts, John. Thanks for the digging you do. Here is a flax project you might find interesting. I was wondering about local fiber production a couple year ago, and found their report. They stayed real small scale, and are early in their reskilling. It is similar to hemp processing, and of course, the energy input just in work hours is large. Not sure what they'll be wearing in 50 years.
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